Tài liệu The Mother''''''''s Manual of Children''''''''s Diseases ppt

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CHAPTER II.
5 General signs of disease Shown by the cry, the temperature, the pulse and breathing Rules for
examination as to these points Signs of absence of disease of the brain
CHAPTER II. 5
CHAPTER III.
12 General management of disease Mothers who cannot nurse their children when ill Importance of truth
and keeping child happy Rules for management of bed-room and bed The bath Poultices Leeches
Cold applications Medicines Note-taking and relation to the doctor
PART II.
PLAN PROPOSED TO BE FOLLOWED 31
CHAPTER III. 6
CHAPTER IV.
32 On the disorders and diseases of children during the first month after birth Still-birth Premature birth
Imperfect expansion of lungs Jaundice Ophthalmia Scalp-swellings Ruptured navel
CHAPTER IV. 7
CHAPTER V.
45 Disorders and diseases of children after the first month, and until teething is finished Infantile atrophy
Rules for artificial feeding Management of indigestion Thrush Teething Affections of the skin
Eczema
PART III.
DISORDERS AND DISEASES INCIDENT TO ALL PERIODS OF CHILDHOOD 85
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SECOND PERIOD OF CHILDHOOD 85
CHAPTER V. 8
CHAPTER VI.
88 Disorders and diseases of the brain and nervous system Their mortality and its causes Convulsions
Congestion of the brain Sunstroke Water on the brain Inflammation from disease of the ear Chronic
water on brain Brain disorder from exhaustion Spasmodic croup Epilepsy St. Vitus's Dance Palsy
Neuralgia and headache Night terrors
CHAPTER VI. 9
CHAPTER VII.
128 Disorders and diseases of the chest Catarrh and snuffles Bronchitis and pneumonia Influenza
Pleurisy Croup Diphtheria Hooping-cough Asthma Diseases of the heart
CHAPTER VII. 10
CHAPTER VIII.
151 Diseases of organs of digestion Description of process of digestion Dyspepsia of weakly children
Jaundice Diarrh[oe]a Peritonitis Large abdomen Worms Ulcerated mouth Quinsy Enlarged
tonsils Abscess at back of throat Diseases of kidneys Incontinence of urine
CHAPTER VIII. 11
CHAPTER IX.
173 Constitutional diseases Their nature Chronic constitutional diseases Consumption Scrofula
Rickets Acute constitutional diseases Rheumatic fever Ague Mumps Typhoid fever Small-pox
Inoculation and vaccination Chicken-pox Measles
APPENDIX. 213 Mental and moral faculties in childhood, and the disorders to which they are liable
INDEX 231
THE MOTHER'S MANUAL
OF
CHILDREN'S DISEASES.
PART I.
INTRODUCTORY.
CHAPTER IX. 12
CHAPTER I.
ON THE MORTALITY OF CHILDREN, AND ITS CAUSES.
The purpose of this little book will probably be best attained, and needless repetition best avoided, if we begin
by inquiring very briefly why so many children die, what general signs indicate that they are ill, and what
general rules can be laid down for their management in sickness.
The first of these inquiries would be as useless as it would be sad, if the rate of infant mortality were fixed by
determinate laws, such as those which limit the stature of man or the age to which he can attain.
But this is not so; the mortality in early life varies widely in different countries, in different parts of the same
country, and in the same country at different times. Thus, while in some parts of Germany the mortality under
one year was recently as high as 25 to 30 per cent. of the total births, and in England as 15, it was only a little
above 10 per cent. in Norway. Infantile mortality is higher in manufacturing districts, lower in those which are
agricultural, and varies from 16 per cent. in Lancashire to 9 in Dorsetshire. It is then evident that mortality in
infancy is in part dependent on remediable causes; and of this there is no better proof than the fact that the
mortality in England under one year has been reduced from 15 per cent. in 1872 to 13 per cent. in 1882.
It would lead us far from any practical purpose if we were to examine into all the causes which govern the
liability to disease and death during infancy and childhood, in the different ranks of society. We must
therefore limit our inquiry to those conditions which are met with in the class to which my readers may fairly
be assumed to belong.
First among the causes of sickly infancy and premature death may be mentioned the intermarriage of near
relatives. The experience of the breeders of animals, who, by what is termed breeding in and in, undoubtedly
obtain certain qualities of speed, or strength, or beauty, does not apply here. They select for their experiments
animals whose qualities in these respects are pre-eminent, and eliminate from them all who do not occupy the
first rank. In family intermarriages, however, it is rare that any consideration is regarded, save that of wealth;
and the fact remains, explain it as we may, that the intermarriage of near relatives during several successive
generations is followed by a marked deterioration of the children, physical, mental, and moral; and by the
intensifying of any hereditary predisposition to consumption, scrofula, and other constitutional ailments which
form the second great cause of early sickness and mortality.
These are facts known to all, which yet it is not easy to represent by figures. All the world is aware that
consumption is hereditary, that consumptive parents are more likely than others to have consumptive children;
and a fourth of all the patients admitted into the Hospital for Consumption at Brompton stated that the disease
had existed in one or other of their parents.[1] Scrofula, which is another disease closely allied to
consumption, is hereditary also; and hip disease, disease of the spine, abscesses, and enlarged glands in any
members of a family, point to risks for the offspring which should not be forgotten, how much soever mental
endowments, personal beauty, or the charms of disposition may be considered, and sometimes reasonably
enough, to outweigh them. The same liability exists with reference to epilepsy, insanity, and the whole class
of affections of the nervous system. Parents inquire, with no misplaced solicitude, what is her fortune, or what
are the pecuniary resources of him to whom they are asked to entrust their son's or daughter's future. Believe
me, the question what is the health of his family, or of hers? is consumption hereditary, or scrofula, or
epilepsy, or insanity? is of far greater moment, and touches much more nearly the future happiness of those
we love.
These two points regard the future parents themselves; but there are other conditions on which the health of
children to a great degree depends; and of these the two most important are the dwelling they inhabit, and the
food they eat.
CHAPTER I. 13
I do not refer here to the dwellings of the poor, situated in unhealthy localities, where fresh air does not enter,
where the rays of the sun do not penetrate, with defective drainage and imperfect water-supply; but I speak of
the nurseries of well-to-do people. 'This will do for our bedroom, and that will make a nice spare room, and
that will do for the children,' is what one often hears. Had you rare plants which cost much money to obtain,
which needed sunlight, warmth, and air, would you not consider anxiously the position of your conservatory,
and take much pains to insure that nothing should be wanting that could help their development, so that you
might feast your eyes upon their beauty, or delight yourselves with their fragrance? And yet a room at the top
of the house, one of the attics perhaps, is too often destined for the little one and its nurse; or if there are two
or three children, one small room is set apart for the day nursery, and a second, probably with a different
aspect, for a sleeping room, and so small that it does not furnish the needed five hundred cubic feet of air for
each. And as a consequence, the children are ailing, any predisposition in them to hereditary disease is
fostered, they have no strength to battle against any acute illness that may befall them, and yet surprise is felt
that the doctor is never out of the house.[2]
It is needless to dwell on the hand-feeding of infants as one of the great causes of mortality in infancy, and of
sickliness in later life. The statistics of Foundling Hospitals bear sad testimony to the fact of its dangers, and
the researches of physicians show that a peculiar form of disease is produced by it, attended by symptoms, and
giving rise to appearances after death, peculiar to the form of slow starvation from which the infant has
perished. I will add, because it is not generally known, one fresh illustration of the influence of artificial
feeding in aggravating the mortality of infants. In Berlin the certificates of death of all infants under the age of
one year, are required to state whether the little one had been brought up at the breast, or on some kind or
other of artificial food. Of ten thousand children dying under the age of one year, one-fourth had been brought
up at the breast, three-fourths by hand.[3]
It is, as I said in the preface, no part of my plan to enter on any details with reference to the management of
children in health. It may, therefore, suffice to have pointed out the four great causes of preventible disease
among the wealthier classes of society; namely, the intermarriage of near relatives, the transmission of
constitutional taint, the insanitary condition of the dwelling, and the injudicious selection of the food of the
infant.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] This is the proportion stated in Quain's Dictionary of Medicine, to which the writer, Dr. Theodore
Williams, adds that of 1,000 cases in the upper classes 12 per cent. showed direct hereditary predisposition,
and 48 per cent. family predisposition.
[2] Many useful suggestions will be found in Mrs. Gladstone's little tract, Healthy Nurseries and Bedrooms,
published as one of the Health Exhibition Handbooks.
[3] The actual numbers are 2,628 and 7,646. See Generalbericht ueber das Medizinal-und Sanitätswesen der
Stadt Berlin im Jahre 1881. 8vo. Berlin 1883, p. 19.
CHAPTER I. 14